From 1943 to 1945, many women fought for the Italian Social Republic (RSI) founded by Mussolini and closely allied with Nazi Germany. After the war, a number of these women were put on trial for “collaboration with the German invader.” Some had taken part in raids, massacres, torture, and murder, while others worked in German espionage or assisted the RSI political leadership in arresting and killing anti-fascists and Jews.